Web 2.0

Web 2.0 is

the second stage of development of the Internet, characterized especially by the change from static web pages to dynamic or user-generated content and the growth of social networking.

 

Examples of Web 2.0:

 

 The first example I have of Web 2.0 is Youtube. Youtube is a social networking site which allows people to upload videos and share, like, subscribe and comment on their own or other people's videos from all over the world. This is Web 2.0 as it allows people to interact with one another and allows people to have the creativity of making their own account and adjust their settings to how they like. When you have a Youtube account these options come up on the left hand side of what you can do, it means that people are completely independent and responsible to personalise and customize their own account to what they want to see, when they want to see and what they have already watched.

Gauntlett's ideas about Web 2.0:

This video discusses and shows David Gauntlett's ideas of Web 2.0. He believes that Web 2.0 is about the making and connecting of people all around the world, and that we create the internet. The idea he has of Web 2.0 is that as technology has developed instead of the websites being created for us we are creating the websites for ourselves and everyone else around the world.

Timeline - Key Events in the History of the Internet

1969

ARPA (Advanced Research Projects Agency) goes online in December, connecting four major U.S. universities. Designed for research, education, and government organizations, it provides a communications network linking the country in the event that a military attack destroys conventional communications systems.

1972

Electronic mail is introduced by Ray Tomlinson, a Cambridge, Mass., computer scientist. He uses the @ to distinguish between the sender's name and network name in the email address.

1973

Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) is designed and in 1983 it becomes the standard for communicating between computers over the Internet. One of these protocols, FTP (File Transfer Protocol), allows users to log onto a remote computer, list the files on that computer, and download files from that computer.

1984

Domain Name System (DNS) is established, with network addresses identified by extensions such as .com, .org, and .edu.

Writer William Gibson coins the term “cyberspace.”

1985

Quantum Computer Services, which later changes its name to America Online, debuts. It offers email, electronic bulletin boards, news, and other information.

1988

A virus called the Internet Worm temporarily shuts down about 10% of the world's Internet servers.

1989

The World (world.std.com) debuts as the first provider of dial-up Internet access for consumers.

Tim Berners-Lee of CERN (European Laboratory for Particle Physics) develops a new technique for distributing information on the Internet. He calls it the World Wide Web. The Web is based on hypertext, which permits the user to connect from one document to another at different sites on the Internet via hyperlinks (specially programmed words, phrases, buttons, or graphics). Unlike other Internet protocols, such as FTP and email, the Web is accessible through a graphical user interface.

1991

Gopher, which provides point-and-click navigation, is created at the University of Minnesota and named after the school mascot. Gopher becomes the most popular interface for several years.

Another indexing system, WAIS (Wide Area Information Server), is developed by Brewster Kahle of Thinking Machines Corp.

1994

The White House launches its website, www.whitehouse.gov.

Initial commerce sites are established and mass marketing campaigns are launched via email, introducing the term “spamming” to the Internet vocabulary.

Marc Andreessen and Jim Clark start Netscape Communications. They introduce the Navigator browser.

1995

CompuServe, America Online, and Prodigy start providing dial-up Internet access.

Sun Microsystems releases the Internet programming language called Java.

The Vatican launches its own website, www.vatican.va.

1997

On July 8, 1997, Internet traffic records are broken as the NASA website broadcasts images taken by Pathfinder on Mars. The broadcast generates 46 million hits in one day.

The term “weblog” is coined. It’s later shortened to “blog.”

1998

Google opens its first office, in California.

1999

College student Shawn Fanning invents Napster, a computer application that allows users to swap music over the Internet.
The number of Internet users worldwide reaches 150 million by the beginning of 1999. More than 50% are from the United States.
“E-commerce” becomes the new buzzword as Internet shopping rapidly spreads.

MySpace.com is launched.

Glossary - History of the Internet

Sir Tim Berners- Lee (b.1955) -

Sir Tim Berners-Lee is a world known British computer scientist who contributed to invent the World Wide Web. Berners-Lee made the first successful communication between a Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) client and server via the internet.

ARPANET - 

The Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET) was one of the world's first operational packet switching networks, the first network to implement TCP/IP, and the progenitor of what was to become the global Internet.  

CERN- 

The European Organization for Nuclear Research, known as CERN is a European research organization whose purpose is to operate the world's largest particle physics laboratory.

Broadband-

A high-capacity transmission technique using a wide range of frequencies, which enables a large number of messages to be communicated simultaneously. Was founded in the 1980's but became popular and well known in the 1990's.

Dial-Up-

Dial up networking technology provides PCs and other network devices access to a LAN or WAN via standard telephone lines. Dial up Internet service providers offer subscription plans for home computer users.When the popularity of the Internet exploded in the 1990s, dial up was the most common form of Internet access due mainly to its low cost to setup. 

Hypertext (HTML)- 

a software system allowing extensive cross-referencing between related sections of text and associated graphic material. 

"hypertext link".

"HyperText is a way to link and access information of various kinds as a web of nodes in which the user can browse at will. Potentially, HyperText provides a single user-interface to many large classes of stored information such as reports, notes, data-bases, computer documentation and on-line systems help. We propose the implementation of a simple scheme to incorporate several different servers of machine-stored information already available at CERN, including an analysis of the requirements for information access needs by experiments... A program which provides access to the hypertext world we call a browser. ― T. Berners-Lee, R. Cailliau, 12 November 1990, CERN^"

^Folksonomy-

 

a user-generated system of classifying and organizing online content into different categories by the use of metadata such as electronic tags.

 

^RSS-

 

RSS (Rich Site Summary) to publish frequently updated information: blog entries, news headlines, audio, video. An RSS document (called "feed", "web feed", or "channel") includes full or summarized text, and metadata, like publishing date and author's name.

RSS feeds enable publishers to syndicate data automatically. A standard XML file format ensures compatibility with many different machines/programs. RSS feeds also benefit users who want to receive timely updates from favourite websites or to aggregate data from many sites.

 

^XML-

 

xtensible Markup Language (XML) is a markup language that defines a set of rules for encoding documents in a format that is both human-readable and machine-readable.

 

^Convergence-

 

the process or state of converging.

"the convergence of lines in the distance"

 

^Audience-

 

An audience is a group of people who participate in a show or encounter a work of art, literature (in which they are called "readers"), theatre, music (in which they are called "listeners"), video games (in which they are called "players"), or academics in any medium. Audience members participate in different ways in different kinds of art; some events invite overt audience participation and others allowing only modest clapping and criticism and reception.

 

^Institutions

 

an organization founded for a religious, educational, professional, or social purpose.

an established law or practice. 

Globalisation Advantages and Disadvantages

Advantages

• Globalisation helps people in poorer countries get jobs and gain new skills
• It can bring wealth to local economies when companies have to buy products and resources
• It is a way of sharing ideas and experiencing new cultures and lifestyles
• Globalisation increases awareness of key issues throughout the world

 

 

Disadvantages

• There is no guarantee

Globalisation Revision

Essay Feedback

Essay

The Pros and Cons of Globalisation

Globalisation is the process by which the world is becoming increasingly interconnected as a result of massively increased trade and cultural exchange. Globalisation has increased production of goods and services by…. The biggest companies are no longer national firms but multinational corporations with subsidiaries in many countries. There are both advantages and disadvantages from Globalisation which vary on different people’s opinions. However, what’s most important is the impact Globalisation has had on the world and whether all in all it’s for the better or worse[LMS1] .

There are reasons for globalisation in the first place. Such as, Improvements in transportation: Larger cargo ships and more types of transport. Freedom of trade: World Trade Organisation (WTO) removes barriers between countries. Improvements in communications: Technology such as the internet and mobile phones. Labour Availability and skills: e.g. India has lower labour costs and high skill levels[LMS2] .

One argument that can be said with Globalisation is that it makes the rich richer and the poor poorer. The way this works is the fact that companies and businesses need to get as much profit as they can so their company is running smoothly and all the members of the company are kept in a job. An easy way to make sure of this is putting the factories into developing countries as the cost of labour is a lot cheaper[LMS3] . This then results in…

Also, another disadvantage of Globalisation is the unfair working conditions that apply in poorer countries. They don’t have health and safety rules and regulations which puts the workers, most of which are small children, at risk. Child labour is also an issue most people have with globalisation, taking advantage of their poor state and desperation for money to new levels of risk[LMS4] .

There are some talks of Globalisation influencing political decisions, as the worldwide market gets increasingly more powerful and popular, its power is starting to affect political decisions which are affecting the whole world, and this may not be a good thing[LMS5] .

Lastly, due to the inhumane conditions of the factories and working places for the prisoners and child workers who are mostly the only people employed at these places, it leaves the employees desperate for money as their wages aren’t enough. This leaves them with no decision but to resort to prostitution and trafficking, we know this is true as percentages of shown that it is becoming increasingly common[LMS6] .

However, globalisation would not have become as easily accessible or worldwide if there weren’t some advantages to it as well. For example, Globalisation creates jobs for people in countries all around the world not just in developing countries such as India or China. This makes all countries economically stronger and helps keep unemployment levels low. It also makes companies more competitive which lowers prices for consumers. E.g. Different supermarkets having deals or offers if you order online, the first online order you make at Waitrose you get a free bottle of wine[LMS7] .

Secondly, the worldwide market means that not only can people send goods to different countries but we can receive them internationally as well just from a click of the button. Also, ordering internationally means that you pay for shipping which helps increase the profit of the companies themselves[LMS8] .

Although in some people’s opinion Globalisation affecting politics is bad, on the other hand there are people that think that there is a world power that is being created, instead of compartmentalized power sectors. Politics are merging decisions that are being made are beneficial for people all over the world[LMS9] .

Lastly, socially we have become more open and tolerant towards each other and people who live in the other parts of the world are no longer considered ‘alien’. I think that this is the most beneficial advantage to Globalisation as it has decreased racism massively as we’ve learnt that we’re all equal workers at the end of the day, and developing countries have some benefits which we, as first world countries, can learn from[LMS10] .

Overall, the impact of Globalisation has been extreme. The whole world is now involved in online market or international employment even some of the most remote corners of the world. I think that this is the most beneficial thing that’s ever happened to business.

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 [LMS1]A strong introduction that is well-worded and includes some key terminology.

 [LMS2]Instead of listing these point, use them to expand your argument.

 [LMS3]Add an example and develop your point.

 [LMS4]You could link this to the recent Primark scandals. Then, you could link to the future of such companies / globalisation.

 [LMS5]How and why?

 [LMS6]What position does it put the company in? Do you believe they care about the crisis in which they create? Does the consumer care?

 [LMS7]Link to the economical dependency that this creates.

 [LMS8]How has this developed and which companies are primarily involved with this? How has it impacted society?

 [LMS9]How does this add to your argument and what does it say about the future of globalisation?

 [LMS10]How has this happened? Consider the history of globalisation? Do you believe it has also created friction between nations?